Cooperative upconversion as the gain-limiting factor in Er doped miniature Al2O3 optical waveguide amplifiers

Erbium doped Al2O3 waveguide amplifiers were fabricated using two different doping methods, namely Er ion implantation into sputter deposited Al2O3 , and co-sputtering from an Er2O3 /Al2O3 target. Although the Er concentration in both materials is almost identical ~0.28 and 0.31 at. %!, the amplifiers show a completely different behavior. Upon pumping with 1.48 mm, the co-sputtered waveguide shows a strong green luminescence from the S3/2 level, indicating efficient cooperative upconversion in this material. This is confirmed by pump power dependent measurements of the optical transmission at 1.53 mm and the spontaneous emission at 1.53 and 0.98 mm. All measurements can be accurately modeled using a set of rate equations that include first order and second order cooperative upconversion. The first order cooperative upconversion coefficient C24 is found to be 3.5310 cm s in the co-sputtered material, two orders of magnitude higher than the value obtained in Er implanted Al2O3 of 4.1310 218 cm s. It is concluded that the co-sputtering process results in a strongly inhomogeneous atomic scale spatial distribution of the Er ions. As a result, the co-sputtered waveguides do not show optical gain, while the implanted waveguides do. © 2003 American Institute of Physics. @DOI: 10.1063/1.1565697#